Midnight Hammer: Collective Defense Under Article 51 of the UN Charter

Earlier today I listened in real time to Non-Proliferation (Iran) Security Council 9944th Meeting | UN Web TV . I thank the President of the Council, the briefers, and all of the delegations who participated in this meeting for their tireless efforts with respect to resolution 2231. It's a complex resolution and I am humbled by the thousands of peace and security practitioners who have been hard at work over the last decade at an advanced level of 2231 study and implementation. I am an ignoramus in comparison, but I nonetheless feel called by God to keep somewhat up to speed with this file. The IAEA Board of Governors appears positioned to adopt a resolution referring Iran back to the Security Council at some point between September 2025 and December 2026 if Iran remains within the NPT but continues refusing to disclose the truth about its historical AMAD Project (cf. IAEA board declares Iran in breach of non-proliferation obligations | Reuters ). In...